Need For Construction Safety Measures in Modern Day Constructions

The various accident causation models outline the importance and need for scientific preventive methods. An accident is caused by a combination of a series of factors and gives sufficient warning signals before one actually occurs. Workers and people in managerial positions should be sensitive to these signals so that they can take corrective measures as per the models before the accident actually occurs.

Dr. Narayan V. Nayak, Principal Consultant, Project Management; and Er. Anant J Kadiwal, President (Projects), S.P.Singla, Constructions. Peer reviewed by Dr. L.R.Manjunatha, Immediate past Honorary Chairman, Indian Concrete Institute-Bangalore & VP- Direct sales & Sustainability, JSW Cement


Background
It is fortunate that, now a days, contractors, clients, and consultants are concerned about safety at worksites. In fact, many tender documents indicate the safety requirements and bidders have to meet the set qualification criteria to be qualified for the bid / tender /project. In the following pages we have given various safety hazards and measures to mitigate them. We have also given relevant frequency ratios and other frequency ratios with definitions and typical examples. We have compared our present practices and awareness with developed countries. All this has been done to ensure that all of us are fully aware of the safety aspects of the construction industry.


Preamble on safety
The Challenges:

• Construction workforce is highly unorganized and the work is inherently hazardous by its very nature
• Construction work is highly dynamic and demands constant expert supervision
• Heterogeneous cross section of workforce with barriers of literacy level, IQ and language
• High mobility of construction worker posing challenges to safety training
• Degradation of safety implementation at sub contractors’ level.
• Lack of individual commitment
• Subcontracting and piece workers not ensuring safety requirements
• Mobility of workmen leading to lapse in safety practices and reduced manpower – very often
• Poor quality of vehicles
• Poor quality of supervision.

The structure, method, and configuration of construction, has assumed great proportion in terms of machinery, equipment, parallel activities and sub-contracting and piece rate working. Heterogeneous section of workers with varying cultural backgrounds having language barriers with poor supervision is another aspect. All these coupled with site specific problems has increased the potential of construction accidents.

Construction accidents are considered to be a social issue and a major concern and a greater challenge. Indian construction industry is the second largest employer and economic activity next only to agriculture. Accidental injuries and deaths from construction industry are next only to road accidents in India.

The various accident causation models outline the importance and need for scientific preventive methods. Accident is caused by a combination of a series of factors and gives sufficient warning signals before one actually occurs. We should be sensitive to these signals and symptoms to take corrective measures as per the models before it actually occurs. We can use these models for accident prevention practically.

The BOCW Act & Rules and the Factories Act 1948 as per its latest amendment provides the legal stipulation along with all other relevant Acts & Rules of the country like Workmen’s Compensation Act, The Explosive Acts & Rules, The Electricity Act & Rules, The Environmental Acts & Rules, etc all apply to the Construction work. Welfare measures like drinking water, toilet facilities, rest rooms, labour camp stipulations, worker transport, and other work area related issues like kitchen, cooking staff hygiene, pre-employment and annual medical checkups etc. are also required.

A manual on Construction Work is rather one sided without a relevant chapter on Safety. Reputed clients demand highest standards of safety when accepting a contract. Rather, along with other technical aspects of the construction work, the client demands Safety Management aspects including Safety Organisation with qualified Safety Professionals and measures from the Contractor at the quoting time itself. The client demands past safety performance statistics of the contractor w.r.t. its Safety Management and Safety Aspects, including the Safety organisational structure with the relevant qualifications and experience and accident statistics, while quoting.

Construction Accidents and Types
In Construction, the accident rate is the second largest after road accidents. Potential and severity of accidents start at the excavation stage itself. The type of soil, its angle of repose, the available area or scope for the contractor for maintaining the excavation to the angle of repose or else the other accepted safe methods to prevent caving in/earth collapse/sliding/under cutting, and so on, need to be looked into.

In this regard, the method of step cutting, shoring, benching or other means of supporting need to be assured. It should never be assumed that the excavated edge will be stable by itself. It will always need to be engineered for a stable condition considering the type of soil, underground water flow pattern, other materials kept, or likely to be kept at the edges - outside or within the permissible zone at the edges, and so on. More importantly, ensuring safety of the existing underground facilities if any and /or; ensuring stability of nearby /existing structures will be well-covered in the safety aspects of excavation. Dewatering, access and exit provisions to and from the excavated area including vehicular movement will be well-covered.

The concern of sudden, quick and massive earth collapse potential with significant injury/loss consequences will be conceived and preventive aspects explained. As blasting is one of the preliminary activity in certain cases prior to excavation, licensing the safety precautions of transporting, storing, handling and use of explosives with the relevant approval from the explosive department as well, is a matter of serious concern for enforcement. Further, emergency preparedness; rescue, and first aid methods and related aspects will be covered as well.

Construction Hazards

• Accidents from excavation
• Trips & Fall
• Fall from height
• Fall of material from height
• Accidents from material handling
• Caught in between objects
• Struck by moving objects/struck against
• Electrical shock
• Burn injuries
• Accidents from vehicular operations/ movements/reversing
• Chemical hazards pertaining to construction
• Improperly sequenced parallel activities and simultaneous working without considering and taking care for the safety needs of each such activity
• Drowning etc..

Reasons for Fall from Height accidents

• Defects in the scaffolding, walkways, approach
• Improper access to the height or its provisions
• Improper working platform / scaffolding
• Non-use or improper use of PPEs including safety harness, fall arrester etc.
• Defect in the walkways including its bearing capacity for the job or movement or its width and unguarded openings on the walkway, lack of railings, edge protection etc.
• Absence of guards, railings or covers
• Fall into silos storing crushed stone powder or sand due to absence of guard on the top while poking it for de-chocking if any
• Lack of medical fitness (height phobia, epilepsy) etc.
• Lack of training
• Non-provision of safety net at certain locations; fall protection measures like safety harness, retro guard etc.
• Lack of Edge Protection on the floor or elevated height
• Fall through floor opening is yet another important reason for fall at construction sites. Some of the reasons brought out are:
• Opening becomes suddenly unguarded on de-shuttering
• Fabrication of railings and covers are not sequenced properly w.r.t casting of opening and de-shuttering, and are not put back in time
• Defect in the cover or false covers
• Unsafe actions from the person working or moving
• Absence of swan neck arrangement for rung ladders to basements, roof tops etc.

Fall of Material
Fall of material from height is yet another concern in construction site. A few of the important aspects on this are:

• Keeping loose material at unguarded elevated places or on floors near the edges
• Lack of toe boards at hand railing
• Lack of edge protection
• Improperly supported pipes or other construction item or material at height
• Failure of scaffolding, platforms, loose plank on platform or walkways
• Improper clamping of pipe pieces or scaffolding members
• Improper signaling during rigging or material movement.

Accidents from Material Handling
Improper material handling contributes to a large number of accidents at construction site due to:

• Unsafe way of manual handling
• Non-use of mechanical handling
• Improper tools or appliances
• Defect in equipment, appliances, tools or tackles
• Not testing equipment periodically
• Lack of or bypassing Limit Switches
• Lack of Safe Load Indicator
• Not displaying load limits at various configurations of crane
• Improper Rigging Practices and ineffective Rigging Supervision
• Lack of signaling or improper signaling
• Lack of illumination
• Unauthorised handling or persons
• Lack of training or skill for the job
• Unfit for job medically.

Caught in between Objects:
Caught in between a moving object and a stationary object or between two moving object is also a matter of concern at construction sites, especially where belt drives are used for transporting material. Let us look at such locations:

• Belt and Pulley Drives of Batching Plant
• Gear drives at Crushing Plants
• Hoppers at Batching and Crushing Plants
• Structural Steel Trusses while slinging without support
• Travelling in trailer or inside truck while transporting structural material
• Caught in between drill bits and base of Pedestal Drill machine
• Caught in between unguarded machine parts in workshop
• Caught in between wheel and ground of vehicles in certain operations.

Struck by moving objects
Yet another important aspect to be seen is the possibility of being struck by moving objects at the construction site:

• Reversing of vehicles like dumpers, trucks, transit mixers, etc
• A load moving on a tower crane hook or on a mobile crane
• Striking of one tower crane boom with the adjacent one if its travelling limits are not locked properly
• Knocking by moving hydra due to blocked visibility
• Failure of improperly stacked plates / material on a forklift while moving
• Tilting of vehicles at edges of poor construction access roads or unprepared loose soil edges

Electrical Shock
The potential for an Electrical Shock at a construction site needs to be looked into. The highest Fatal Electrical Shock is seen from the ordinary voltage what we use everywhere of above 110 Volts like the 220 Volt or 240 Volts – the kind we use for portable electrical tools, extension boards, lighting and so on. Generally, the Low Voltage from 110 V to 220 or 240 Volts (mistakenly) is not considered dangerous by the user and we end up in trouble and can suffer from an Electrical Shock. Other aspects to be considered include the following:

• Unauthorised working
• Lack of Competent Electricians / Electrical Supervision
• Unauthorized connections
• Improper connections
• Poor insulation or defect in insulation
• Exposed connections including at the exposed indicator lamp terminals of portable power tools
• Poor body earthing or no earthing at all
• Poorly maintained earth pit for safe earth resistance
• Extending the earth wire of the same cross section from its source to the new location when equipment like welding set etc. are shifted. Since resistance is directly proportional to the length of the earth wire and inversely proportional to the area of cross section, by extending the same size wire, we are increasing the earth resistance by making it dangerous. Remember the fundamental equation R= rl/a (where R is the resistance, “r” is the specific resistance of the earth wire, “l” is the length of the earth wire and “a” the area of cross section of the earth wire. (Thus, if we were getting 1 Ω at the original location with a certain cross section of the earth wire; then at the new location with the same cross section of earth wire – the earth resistance will be 10 Ω which is ineffective). Therefore, on such shifting, take the earth connection from the nearest earth pit or increase the cross section of earth wire to get the permissible value of earth resistance.
• Non-use of plug tops and inserting bare wires/terminals inside socket
• Improper fuse wires or absence of fuse
• Inadequate power capacity of Power Distribution Boards
• Inadequate and improper Power Distribution Boards
• Wooden Power distribution leading to lack of body earthing and with potential Fire Hazard
• Lack of body earthing (double earthing for medium voltage and above) in equipment
• Not ensuring use of ELCB /RCCB for the supply
• Not using the return lead of welding machines at construction sites and connecting it through inserted reinforcement on ground and making the welding current to flow all along the construction sites for return, risking many things in between
• Working with wet hands
• Working without insulated sole Safety Shoes or bare footed
• Working without rated electrical hand gloves
• Lack of training.

Engineering Control, Training and Authorisation shall be the focus areas for further strengthening the above aspects

Burn Injuries
Even though, there are not many occasions in a construction site for accidents from burns, yet the possibility is very much there. Some of the cases occurred are from:

• Gas cutting empty closed drum which contained a flammable material without cleaning and ventilating for keeping water at Construction Sites and the drum getting exploded while gas cutting - causing fatality, serious burn.
• Explosion of gas cylinder containing flammable material if left carelessly or keeping liquefied gases like Acetylene and so horizontally are potential risk of leakage/ explosion and burns. Keeping gas cylinders under direct sunlight also can increase the internal pressure leading to explosion and fire.
• Electrical Flash overs
• Opening the Radiator Cover of a hot engine for pouring water after prolonged hours of operation in Construction Work
• Sudden opening of a hose pipe from an over operated curing pump nozzle with its motor running can cause hot water splash leading to serious burn etc.
• Carrying out - Hot Work in a spray painted room or containment or Annular Space etc. can cause explosion and serious burn injuries.

Action Plan:

• Ensuring Competent Supervision
• Detecting and Closing SRDs in time
• Use of prefabricated structures
• More mechanisation
• Standardisation of scaffolding
• Providing scaffolding to sub contractors by main contractors or ensuring it by main contractor through sub contractors.
• Elimination of nonstandard vehicles
• Safety officer of main contractors to cover the subcontractor and piece workers under it
• Breaking the job in sequential operations and analyzing for Risks and Control measures through JHAs and HIRAC
• Ensuring use of Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) Check lists / HIRAC Check lists
• Use of Floating jackets and other requirements for works ‘On or above or near Water Bodies’
• Ensuring preparation and use of Safe Operating Procedures
• Safety training and ensuring use of PPEs
• Safety Induction to all New Workers, Employees including Staff
• Posting skilled operators for skilled jobs rather putting anybody or helper as available

Safety Management
The safety management aspects at construction sites shall be well organised and planned program for strengthening safety measures to prevent accidents and incidents in a proactive way on a continual basis. The safety management shall be adopted taking into consideration of the available accident causation models such as Heinrich’s Model and Birds Model to the latest Behaviour Based safety Model. The Contractor shall give great significance to Near Miss accidents and first aid injuries to prevent a serious accident / fatal accident. The significant issues which shall be seen under this at construction sites as may be prescribed by clients are described in this report.

Safety clauses in contract documents:
Safety shall be well thought of and planned before a contract document is issued out. Since construction works of the client are carried out through mega package contracts, safety clauses complying with the requirements of the various statues and the client Specific Safety guide for contract works and other existing clauses of the client are generally included right at the tendering stage itself. Accordingly, the various safety requirements are spelled out clearly in advance so that the contractor is able to foresee and plan the safety requirements of the contract through organisational requirements, Engineering requirements including Safety Manpower, PPEs (Personal Protective Equipments), Safety training and establishing the safety function effectively. Further penalty clauses specified by the Client shall be noted such that the financial implications as well as the reputation of the contractor is well understood in the beginning itself.

Safety Organisation:
In order to establish an accident prevention program successfully at a site, one of the important aspects covered in the various work sites is the safety organisational set up. Safety organisation of the contractor’s side is given priority. The chief safety manager /Safety incharge / Safety Officer with relevant and specified qualifications and Experiences is identified and posted at site even prior to the starting of the construction activity and shall report to the Project Manager or Site in charge as the case may be.

Safety documents:
In order to effectively function, the safety documents in the form of Safety Manual, Safety Guidelines, Operating Safety manual or instructions, Safety Procedure, Check lists etc. are important aspects developed at the site for the construction work. The various typical sets of documents in this regard are listed here under:

• Safety Policy
• Safety programs
• Safety Manual for the Site
• Safety Manual for each Sector
• Preparation and implementation of HIRAC
• Job Hazard Analysis (JHAs) for the concerned works
• Check lists for JHAs
• Safety training Manual
• Procedure for reporting and investigating accidents
• Safety related Deficiency Reports
• Safety Meeting Reports
• Housekeeping and Safety Inspection Reports etc.

Project Management & the executing in charge shall ensure that the above said documents are available for use and referred at site. The Corporate Safety and Regional Safety Coordinators shall audit these for checking its availability and use - during their visits.

Safety Inspection and surveys:
Safety Inspection and Surveys by the Project shall be a main focus area and is the primary work of Project Safety professionals at site. Safety Related Deficiencies (SRDs) are the precursor of an accident and shall be detected in advance and corrected for preventing Incidents and accidents:

• Regular safety survey of the allotted areas to the safety staff.
• Regular safety survey of Subcontractor’s and PRWs area by the Companies Safety officer.
• Safety inspection / survey with the Subcontractor’s safety officer and departmental executing agencies.
• Housekeeping and safety surveys periodically.
• Joint Inspection for Safety management (JISM) with the various Stakeholders including Client & Consultants may be done as has already been done by some Clients at some of the Projects.

Enforcement Actions:
Safety enforcement actions of construction sites shall be well practiced at all sites and are listed below as a sample:

• Safety Work Permits for high risk jobs such as; welding and cutting works at fire prone areas, Confined space works, height works; underground - water body works etc.
• Safety clearance for providing electrical connections to sub contractors; PRWs; back to back contractors’ as may apply.
• Issue of height pass after medical checkup and mock up test of working at height on height passes test facility for height phobia etc.
• Enforcement of PPEs at construction works.
• Safety audit / Reviews
• Stoppage of activity / work on imminent risks if not getting corrected in time.
• Imposing penalty as per Contract clauses if required on Subcontractors and Back-Back Contractors
• Confiscation of unsafe tools and returning after getting it repaired
• Stoppage of electrical power supply to PDB concerned if demanded or / and for imminent exposed /unsafe electrical connections
• Confiscation of power fuses for unsafe supply as relevant for imminent risks
• Issue of PPEs / tools as the case may be; with back charging the Subcontractor or Back-Back Contractor with standard rate which shall be higher than the normal rate if the case demands etc.

Safety Committees and Their Importance in Construction Management
Safety committee formation and meetings are statutory requirements and shall be in practice at Construction Sites as a mandatory requirement.

• Project Level Safety Committee: This committee has Project Manager as its Chairman and Safety in charge as Member Secretary. This committee shall have Execution Heads from each department as its members covering all the sections including Plant, HR, Medical etc. An important requirement of this committee is a mandatory requirement of 50% of its members from the workers. Safety Captains as marked or selected from each department shall be members. The Committee shall meet at least once a month and the Copy of MoM circulated to all concerned including the Corporate Safety.


• Departmental Safety Committee:
  It will be a good idea to have a departmental Safety Committee from each department with the Departmental Head as its Chairman and the Concerned Safety Officer as its Member Secretary. 50% of its Members shall be from Workers (including the Safety Captains) and 50 % from executing levels.
• The other Safety Committee functions shall depend on the Client Specifications.


• Housekeeping and Safety Committee:
  A housekeeping Safety committee may be constituted under a Senior Engineer of the Project with a Senior Safety Officer as its Member Secretary. The committee shall visit the Project site at a set frequency of once in a month and follows up with a report of the committee.

Personal Protection Equipments (PPE) and Their Importance
In the Accident Control measures, as listed below (on Control measures) - PPEs control only 20%. Often, it is wrongly sensed that if PPEs are worn, accident will not occur. It shall be noted here that; PPE is just a barrier between the accidental contact point and the body part of the person and it is not a mechanism for preventing accident. PPEs will only prevent or reduce the severity of an expected injury. The control parameters are given below for taking all other means and adding PPEs as well (without depending solely on PPEs); indicating the percentage of control - before closing the discussion on PPEs.

Accident Prevention / Risk Control Measures:

• Removal or Elimination of Hazard - 100%
• Engineering Control - 90%
• Administrative Control - 50%
• Training (Control through Personnel) - 30%
• Personal Protective Equipment - 20%

Inspite of the above; ensuring the use of various personal protective equipments is given highest priority in the chain of safety management at construction sites as last barrier of defense in an accident prevention work. On this, the various important PPEs insisted are as given below:

• Industrial Safety helmet with proper head band and chin strap confirming to IS 2925 or other equivalent standards of international repute.
• Safety Belt with full body harness and half body harness with double safety harness.
• Fall arrestor systems like Retro guards as may be required.
• Safety Nets of the required size and strength (though not a PPE but a fall Protection device).
• Safety hand gloves of various categories, types and sizes.
• Electrical Safety hand gloves pertaining to the relevant voltage ratings.
• Ear plugs / Ear muffs at high noise areas.
• Safety goggles with plain glass and appropriate filter glasses for welding and cutting
• Face Shields and plain goggles to prevent from flying particles entering the eyes
• Welding hoods and Welding shields
• Masks as per the hazard like dusts, chemical fumes, painting fumes etc.
• Breathing apparatus as may be required where oxygen deficiencies may exist
• Various types and categories of aprons in various sizes
• Shoulder pads.
• Safety shoes etc.
• Electrical Safety Shoes with proper Dielectric strength

Portable and Pedestal Power Tools in Constructions
It is ensured that the rotating parts of all the portable power tools used are with its guard in position and if of metallic body with the required body earthing.

• Portable grinding machines where in the wheel guard is sometimes removed for accommodating a higher sized wheels – as an unsafe practice. This aspect shall be particularly noted to ensure that while removing wheel guards for such purposes, not only the potential for exposure to rotating wheel exists but also the peripheral velocity (πDN/60) of the wheel increases for the given rpm of the machine with a higher diameter wheel - posing shattering of the wheel and injuring.
• The validity of the grinding wheel shall be checked to ensure non use of expired wheel
• The power supply to portable power tools are provided through ELCBs / RCCBs.
• The terminal plug covers availability and indicator lamps where ever available shall be ensured.
• Cover of the indicator lamps of the portable machine if provided shall be ensured to prevent Electrical Shock
• Double insulated Portable Power Tools if in use without earthing – shall be opened and maintained by authorised party / persons only to ensure the intactness of double insulation after such maintenance
• Periodical maintenance of portable power tools shall be ensured.
• Body earthing of all the portable power tools with metallic body shall be ensured.
• Double earthing of pedestal power tools of 440V and above shall be ensured.
• Guarding of the various rotating parts including belt drives, rotating grinding wheels and so - where ever provided shall be ensured with respect to pedestal power tools.
• The Safety requirements of machine shops are taken care with respect to all the safety aspects of fixed machineries in workshops.
• Ensure not to use a hand gloves with pedestal drill machine or Pedestal grinding machine or close to a rotating component of a pedestal machine.

The other Safety Aspects in Construction

• Metallic Electrical Safety Extension Boards with three pin Plugs /Socket with Switch and Body earthing.
• Tubular Scaffoldings of required diameters and strength with Base Plates, Cross Bracings, Lateral supports; access and exist stairs or approach as may be needed
• Ladders at Proper angle, with the last rung just below the line with the floor or surface to which it is provided with a swan neck arrangement of at least one metre above the surface or floor to where it is provided.
• Guarding of machineries and floor openings
• Medical facilities as per requirement and complying with the statutes
• Safety Reviews and Audits as per the program / schedule of the Company
• Safety Promotions and Motivation
• Safety Awareness Programs on each Hazard/risk and through displays

Management Aspects on Safety
Management aspects on Safety Intervention and Strengthening, is displayed in the below pictures:


Accidents And Their Statistical Aspects
It is imperative to mention that we shall have an accurate accepted method of comparison on Accidents. In this regard, let us look for the various types of Statistical figures and parameters:

• LTA: Lost Time Accidents where the period of disability due to the accidental injury is 48 hours or more in India. In some of the international Sites; if it is more than 24 hours of disability.
• Fatal Accident where the person succumbs to the injuries immediately or later due to the accidental injury. A loss of 6000 man-days is accounted as Scheduled Charges on each fatality.
• Scheduled charges, on permanent loss of body part through amputation or so and / or the resulting loss of earning capacity is charged as per the Schedule given in the Workmen’s Compensation Act. IS 3786 also will guide on it.
• MDL-Man Days Lost is Actual Man-days lost + Scheduled Charges if any
• FR – Frequency Rate of Accident is : No. of Accidents per million-man hours worked
• SR – Severity rate of Accident is - Man days lost per million-man hours worked
• IR- incident Rate of Accident is Accident per 1000 Workers (No. of Accidents per 1000 workers)
• Frequency Severity Index = √ [(FR*SR)/1000]
• TCIR-Total Case Incident Rate (OSHA) = (Number of Recordable injuries and illnesses X 200,000)/ Employee total hours worked. Though there can never prescribe an acceptable standard; some of the best achieved status from OSHA can be targeted in the first phase.

Safety Awareness
Being aware solves the issue to a great extent. It’s true for accident prevention as well. Safety awareness though shall be facilitated by safety professionals; it shall be lead from the top. It’s amplified by safety related celebration as well as observation in addition to the day to day supervisory function overseeing it. As well, Project Management shall display concern and appreciation. Let us see the following avenues available to us in this regards:

• Celebration of National Safety Day (4th March – Every year) and Safety Week or Safety Month in continuation
• Fire Safety Day / Week on 14th April
• World Environmental Day on 5th June Every year
• National Cleanliness Day on 30th January
• Safety Month of the Company etc.

We may celebrate it with Safety Motivational Programs with befitting inaugural functions and closing functions. Safety Visit of the Project / Plant can be done. Involvement of worker representative, along with safety in charge, departmental incharge and Project Manager can be conducted to provide the importance. Competitions appropriately in the form of Safety Plays, Safety Quiz, Safety Posters & Cartoons, Safety Paintings, and so on as may suit the audience can be arranged. Involvement of school children, housewives and villagers may be involved as appropriate. Safety Awareness can be well spread through Audio-Visual media and Newspapers with added advantage – for achieving better results.


A Safety Emblem for the Company may be developed like the green Triangle for Safety as used by the National Safety Council of India. It will be better to take a clearance of the National Safety Council – if its emblem is being used. Some companies have created its own Safety Emblem. We have used here a sample Emblem which may be reviewed and modified.


Conclusion
While concluding, it would be worth mentioning that we shall take a broad ranging approach in its continual efforts to improve safety. Establish the concept that Safety is a line management function. Take stock of the injury details including First Aid cases and Near Misses

• Safety shall be made measurable in addition to its qualitative nature. Safety Officers as required by the client shall not be a point of meeting the legal requirement alone; but it shall be for effective implementation, monitoring and auditing the safety functions of the company and Safety Officer shall be supported fully by the top Management. Safety Officers shall not be assigned with other executing functions like providing railing or implementing the closure aspects of the SRDs.
• While assessing a line managers’ performance; the achievements in Safety shall find a place in the assessment. The lack of or lowest number of Safety Related incidents and Accidents shall be noted for giving credits. Similarly the timely closure statues of SRDs (Safety related Deficiencies noted under him) shall be an added point of giving credit to him.

Thus, we conclude that keeping the responsibility and accountability on safety if considered as one’s job and not outside the managerial person; we can achieve an injury free work situation in our work. The moment we believe that safety is “His” job – failure will occur. Each one at each level shall consider that – Safety is “My Job”. Consult and take advantage of the availability of a Safety Professional in your company whenever you have a doubt or when you take up a fresh job, or a job with added risks, or when you do a certain job for the first time, or at a new location. This is in addition to the regular work-related safety advice voluntarily coming from the Safety Professional. Please inform the Safety-in-Charge whenever any new job or job in a new location or with a new set of people are taken up.