- During construction: to provide external fresh air required to dilute the pollutants produced by the machines and by blasting used during different construction stages to allow a safe environment for workers working inside the tunnel.
- During normal operation of the tunnel: this factor is dominant for tunnels subject to high traffic load and frequent congested traffic. The normal functioning of the ventilation system should also ensure prevention of dust from outside entering the tunnel.
- During emergencies like fire etc: This factor is usually dominant for non-urban tunnels and highway tunnels.
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